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Antifreeze Windshield Washing Liquid

Articles

In cold season nonfreezing liquid for windshield washer along with gasoline are virtually the only consumable materials for a car.  It seems impossible to not use this product, because it allows the driver to maintain visibility of the traffic situation and helps reduce the number of car accidents.

Antifreeze is used in all cars regardless of their brand and manufacture year.  The use of summer liquid or water in winter is a reckless step.  In this article we will not focus on all the positive qualities of windshield washing liquid, because they are very well known to drivers.  We will focus on the correct and safe choice of this indispensable agent in the cold season.

What are the selection criteria?

One of the main parameters of antifreeze is its freezing temperature, which in practice may vary within the range from -5°C to -50°C, and in some cases reaches -65ºC.   The specific value depends on the amount of alcohol added to the liquid for washing car windshield.   Obviously, the choice of the product with a specific freezing threshold requires taking into account the specifics of the geographical location where the vehicle is used.   It is clear that there can be days with record-breaking low temperatures, but overall climatic conditions remain stable for a particular territory.

Antifreeze components

In general, each manufacturer uses its own recipe for windshield washing liquid preparation, although the composition of the product is simple.  It contains alcohol, antifreeze additives, dyes and perfumes.  This apparent simplicity of this product preparation makes it rather attractive for arranging own production business.  After all, the demand for antifreeze liquid is large and will be stable for many years.  Nothing better has been invented so far, and they will hardly come up with something that will replace antifreeze in the near future.

Freezing temperature threshold is determined by the concentration of alcohol.  For example, if antifreeze contains 70% of isopropyl alcohol, then it will not freeze at a temperature of -30°C.

Mixtures of different alcohols produce the best results.  By adding 30% of methanol and 40% of ethanol, the same freezing threshold can be obtained.

Taking into account alcohol content

In theory, several types of alcohol may be used for windshield washer fluid production: isopropyl, ethyl, methyl, and as noted above, mixtures thereof.

It is worth understanding that absolutely all alcohols can cause certain harm to human health.  Methyl alcohol is the most dangerous of them. It is poisonous at certain concentrations.  For example, if 5 to 10 grams of this substance gets into a human body, it can cause blindness.

Many countries have banned the production of antifreeze containing methyl alcohol at the legislative level.  That is why ethyl- and isopropyl-based antifreeze liquids are quite common.

Ethyl alcohol is most commonly used in the food industry.  Isopropyl alcohol is characterized by sharp acetone odor.

When replenishing your reserves of antifreeze before the onset of the cold season, it is necessary to remember that it is always better to buy the product from the same manufacturer.  The fact is that different companies use different additives that are not always compatible with each other when mixing.  Therefore, mixing of antifreeze liquids from different manufacturers can lead to unpredictable consequences, including deposits in your washing system and clogging the nozzles.

If there are remnants of old fluid in the tank, and you don’t remember the name of its manufacturer, it is better to remove this substance and fill the tank with a completely new product.

Is it possible to accurately determine the quality?

When buying antifreeze, it is almost impossible to determine the quality at a glance.  Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to the quality of the packaging, labels, as well as the presence of all certification.  Although this is still not an absolute guarantee of product quality, because there is still a chance of getting a fake one.

Quality windshield washer liquid leaves no deposits, stains and iridescent films on windshield surface.  It should not be aggressive on car body parts and coatings.

From the safety perspective, try to buy ethanol-based windshield washer liquid.  If this type is currently not available and time is a factor, it is possible to use substances with isopropyl alcohol.

And what about having your own business?

If you are interested in opening your own antifreeze production business, then it would not hurt to clarify a few points at the beginning.  First, you have to find an area which will be appropriate for production and storage of antifreeze. Second, you have to buy the equipment.  And, third, you have to obtain all the necessary permits.  The formulation of antifreeze is a trade secret of a manufacturing company, but in fact it’s not rocket science.  The components are known, and their optimum combination, which gives the required characteristics, can be found experimentally.  There is plenty of information on this subject on the Internet.

In our view, greater attention should be paid to the selection of equipment for mixing.  It determines the duration of antifreeze storage without breaking. GlobeCore offers USB-type plants, designed for mixing and dissolving of two to five separate components.  These hydrodynamic (inline) mixing plants have proven themselves in industrial use as cost-effective, accurate and sustainable means of production of high-quality antifreeze liquids with optimal cost.  The achievable cost savings and increase of production profitability, compared to conventional technology of mixing components in mixing vessels, can accelerate the return on investment up to 60% per year and provide a return on the project during a period of one year or less.

Choosing Antifreeze: Helpful Tips

Articles

When the first autumn cold comes, many drivers face the problem of frozen water in their washer tanks.  It is not a disaster, but this situation can be nasty enough, especially if one is in a hurry.  Some drivers are luckier: by virtue of their vehicle design, the fluid can thaw relatively quickly, others are not that lucky, though.  The second case is typical for vehicles with washer tanks located directly behind the front bumper.  Complete thawing of water will take at least an hour of engine running.  Therefore, at that time there will not be any way to clean the windshield.  When the weather is dry and fair, it is not a particular problem, but in rain or slush, frozen water in the tank can cause an accident.

Let’s consider some guidelines to help you choose a high quality antifreeze liquid, so you can always be sure to have a clean windshield and, as a consequence, a good view of the current traffic situation.

According to experts, it is desirable to switch to antifreeze liquid in advance, regardless of the brand or model of your car.  This is the first phase of preparing your “iron horse” for the winter.  Subject to occurrence of first frosts, it is necessary to fill washing liquid in the tank and wash the windshield.  This is necessary to ensure that the entire washer system is filled with antifreeze liquid.  If everything was done on time, even the first sub-zero temperatures will not paralyze your washer.

Antifreeze has gained immense popularity among car owners due to good cleaning, anti-static and low-temperature properties.  At the same time, a number of strict requirements have been imposed on the product regarding the impact on human health, the environment, coatings and rubber elements of a vehicle.

Recommendations for choosing an antifreeze

Strangely enough, some experts recommend to be guided only by smell when choosing antifreeze.  It is noted that antifreeze with a sharp and clearly defined odor of alcohol, most likely, is real.  Methanol is practically odorless, and isopropyl smells like acetone.

We do not recommend economizing when choosing antifreeze.  The absence of strict standards as to the composition and quality of washing liquids leads to the fact that the cheapest product is often the worst one.  Also, such antifreeze liquid may contain methyl alcohol.

Using antifreeze of the same brand for a long time enables the driver to easily distinguish fake products from the original.

Also avoid buying washing liquid in questionable stores and on the road.

If you have already decided on the brand and purchased your antifreeze, you should not pour the concentrate into the tank in its pure form.  Be sure to dilute it with water in the ratio specified in the instructions.  If this rule is neglected, there may be a variety of negative consequences, including ignition under the hood.

Fuel Homogenization

Fuel blending

The structure of the financial expenses of automotive businesses and boiler plants is quite varied, though it still allows to identify the main expenditures.  First of all, it is the fuel, which accounts for no less than 40% of all costs.

Fuel homogenization devices are designed to increase the quality of combustion, thereby saving resources.  Homogenized fuel features good performance, burns cleaner, increases the efficiency of boilers and has a sparing effect on the environment.

How to make homogenized fuel?

Generally, in addition to hydrocarbons, diesel fuel also includes water, paraffins, mechanical impurities and organosulfur compounds.

Fuel structure is such that most of its molecules are linked (polymerized).  If such a mixture is ignited, the oxidation process will begin at the active side of large polymeric units.  The combustion rate will decrease due to collisions with water molecules, while sulfur and paraffin will not burn out completely.  These factors lead to incomplete combustion of the fuel mixture and toxic waste.

The question is what happens if the fuel is deprived of its “variability”?  Fine dispersion and homogeneity of fuel mixture has a direct effect on its calorific value and combustion quality.  In particular, we are talking about intensification of oxidation processes, breaking the bonds between molecules with further formation of free radicals, destruction of water polymer chains and transition into a finely dispersed state.

During the homogenization process, sulfur and paraffins break, resulting in the formation of surfactants.  They isolate emulsion particles from each other, not allowing them to coagulate.

Today, there is a wide range of equipment on the market which can be used for homogenization of fuel and creation of water-fuel emulsions.  The most promising in terms of profitability and achievement of the required quality characteristics are plants that operate based on cavitation effect. GlobeCore is involved in development of such equipment  (USB-type units).

What is cavitation?

The phenomenon of cavitation was first mentioned over a hundred years ago.  It was connected with the work of a British scientist Reynolds.

Cavitation is in some ways similar to boiling of liquid, but there are some fundamental differences.  In particular, increasing flow rate relative to a body causes flow pressure reduction to the level of saturated vapor pressure (vacuum).  This leads to boiling of the liquid and formation of cavitation steam bubbles of microscopic size.  When these bubbles get into the high pressure are, they burst. Their sudden bursts cause hydraulic impacts,  which result in the occurrence of a liquid compressional wave with ultrasound frequency.  In case this wave contacts an obstacle, it just breaks its surface.

Why is it advantageous to use GlobeCore equipment?

GlobeCore USB-type plants allow production of high quality homogenized fuel, which does not break down even after prolonged storage.  The use of GlobeCore regeneration technology also allows to:

  • Reduce fuel costs;
  • Improve consumer appeal of the processed fuel with respect to the initial product;
  • Use low-quality fuel feedstock, which also saves funds;
  • Improve reliability of engines and boilers;
  • Increase efficiency of diesel engines and diesel generators;
  • Reduce the amount of harmful emissions into the environment.

Diesel Fuel Cetane Number

Diesel blending

Until recently, the phrase “diesel fuel for cars” could bring a smile to the faces of experienced drivers.  This is not surprising, because this oil was used mainly to fuel trucks and large special equipment.  But due to the significant progress in refining processes and engine manufacturing it has become possible to use diesel fuel in cars.

The issue which has always worried each driver is the quality of the fuel in the fuel tank.  A decisive role has been played by the ways to determine which petroleum product could be regarded as good, and which one – not so good.  It is more or less clear with gasoline, but how to determine the quality of diesel fuel?

What is the cetane number?

Among the most important qualities of diesel fuels, it is worth highlighting their ability of ignition and self-ignition.  This property is expressed as a numerical parameter, such as a cetane number.  By its physical nature, a cetane number is the time between the moment when fuel enters an engine cylinder and its combustion.  The higher the cetane number, the shorter the time interval, and the better is diesel fuel.  Running on fuel with a high cetane number is characterized by increased engine power, and at higher speed.

What else does the cetane number value mean?

In addition to the ability of ignition and self-ignition, a cetane number also characterizes the degree of environmental friendliness of fuel.  The fact is that the ignition ability depends on the hydrocarbon composition of fuel.  Here is an example.  If paraffinic compounds dominate in oil, it ignites relatively easily.  When aromatic hydrocarbons dominate, the ignition occurs with a certain delay.

In the case of using diesel fuel with a cetane number below 40, it increases the risk of rough engine performance, which manifests itself in rapping at idle.  This results in deterioration of the engine performance, wearing on bearings and other critical components and parts of the fuel system.

Working conditions put forward certain demands to the cetane number of winter and summer diesel fuel.  In the former case this indicator should be higher than in the latter case.  Also, it should be understood that cetane number is different for engines operating on ships (20), trucks (40) and cars (55).

Cetane number measurement

For diesel fuels, the following method of cetane number determination is applicable.  First of all, the value is numerically equated to the percentage of cetane in its mixture with alpha-methylnaphthalene in fuel equivalent.  In further calculations the flammability of cetane is conventionally assumed to be 100%, and that of alpha- methylnaphthalene in fuel equivalent is 0%.  Then field trials are conducted, during which the time of fuel self-ignition is measured and compared with the figures for fuel equivalent.

Here is an example.  If it was determined that diesel fuel was ignited in a combustion chamber during the time equal to the time of ignition of a 30% cetane and alpha-methylnaphthalene mixture, it has a cetane number equal to 30.

Increasing cetane number

It should be noted that the quality of diesel fuel is determined not only by the value of its cetane number, but also by other factors, like oil contamination with mechanical impurities and the presence of water.  Nevertheless, the issue of increasing the cetane number to normalized values does not become less important.

Filtration and separation have almost no effect on the time of ignition and self-ignition of fuel.  They allow to clean fuel from water and mechanical impurities, but not more than that.

Special additives are used in practice to improve cetane number.  They are substances which are added to oil in a small amount in order to improve certain performance characteristics.  They compensate for the missing units of a cetane number of diesel fuel, normalizing the time of its ignition.

During industrial mixing of additives and petroleum products, it is necessary to ensure getting the most stable mixtures that would not break down for a long time.

Wyen using conventional mixing techniques, known today, fuel tends to break down when separate component parts are added to it.

The feature of USB-type plants produced by GlobeCore is the fact that using the injection method and hydrodynamic shock can increase cetane number of diesel fuel, while breaking down of the resulting product does not take place for at least 180 days.

Modern hydrodynamic (inline) mixing plants have proven themselves in industrial use as cost-effective, accurate and sustainable means of production of high-quality motor fuels with an optimal cost.  The achievable cost savings and improved profitability, compared to a conventional technology of components mixing in special vessels, can accelerate the return on investment up to 60% for one year and provide a return on the project for a period of one year or less.

Production of winter diesel fuel

Diesel blending

Most frequently used diesel fuel production process includes several steps: treatment in distillation columns, cracking and compounding process.

Processing in distillation columns is the first step which is necessary for diesel fuel production.  Oil is heated at constant pressure up to the temperature of 180-360ºC.  This makes it possible to divide “black gold” into separate fractions.  The finished fuel outlet after processing in distillation columns is relatively small (about 20-25%).  The process features little expenditure in terms of time and money.

The process of cracking is required for long molecules breakdown.  It helps to obtain components that can be burned in diesel engines in large amounts.  There are several approaches to the process of cracking.  In thermal cracking oil is heated, while various catalysts are not used.  In hydrocracking oil reacts with hydrogen.  Catalytic cracking cannot be performed without metals, which act as catalysts.  Nickel, iron and platinum sponge are most frequently used.

After the second-stage, the output of diesel fuel can reach 70-80%.  But it is still not in a marketable condition, due to the presence of sulfur and other contaminants.

At the stage of compounding the products of cracking and direct distillation processes are mixed in the proportions specified with the process.  Additives are also added at this stage.  If the sulfur content does not exceed the permissible limits, diesel fuel can be shipped to the end user right after blending.  GlobeCore USB plants are used to mix all the individual components.  Through the use of hydrodynamic shock and injection method, this equipment allows to obtain high-quality diesel fuel, which does not break down for at least 180 days.

Today, three types of diesel fuel are available in the market: winter, summer, and Arctic. The main difference between, let’s say, winter and summer diesel fuel lies in their crystallization temperature and the temperature of complete solidification.   It depends on a method used for fuel production.

Today winter diesel fuel can be produced by using two methods.  The first one is nearly the same as for summer fuel, but with lowering of carbonic fractions final boiling point to 20°C.  Also, winter diesel fuel can be obtained directly from summer fuel by adding special depressants that are able to lower its pour point.  At that, limiting filterability temperature remains unchanged.

Winter diesel fuel can also be obtained by adding kerosene to summer diesel fuel.  The lower the ambient temperature, the more kerosene is needed.  We should note that this method is not economical and the use of real winter diesel fuel in most cases is cheaper.

Is It Possible to Add Oil to Diesel Fuel?

Diesel blending

Rough running of an engine can be caused by different reasons.  The first one is injection timing control disturbance.  The second one is incorrect operation of the fuel equipment.  In both cases it is advisable to visit a service station and have the car examined by specialists.

Another possible reason of rough running is refueling with low-cetane fuel.  This parameter characterizes the ability of diesel fuel to combust.  In case of using low-cetane fuel, the time interval prior to ignition increases.  This will cause the greater part of diesel fuel to be in the combustion chamber before the ignition.  This results in flashing of combustible mixture throughout the combustion chamber volume, causing a sharp jump in pressure inside the cylinders, making the engine work roughly.

In order to understand how to deal with the problem, you must first identify its causes.  One of the reasons for fuel lower cetane number is its dilution with other petroleum products (kerosene, gasoline, etc.).  Most often it occurs in the cold season, when it is necessary to ensure the reduction of pour point.  And what happens if, for example, diesel fuel is diluted with engine oil?  In this case, the cetane number of diesel fuel increases.  If the softness of the engine running was the only issue, it would be possible to say that adding oil into fuel is justified.  But it is not so simple.

There is no agreement of opinion in this regard among the automotive industry experts.  The opponents of adding oil into fuel note that most modern fuel manufacturers exclude the possibility of dilution of their product at an early stage of production.  Be it an additive, gasoline, kerosene or oil.  Although sometimes they make exceptions for their own-produced additives.  This is understandable, since nobody wants to lose money on their products but earn as much as possible.  Another argument against the dilution of diesel fuel with engine oils is a discrepancy in amount of additives.  Typically, two-stroke engine oil originally contains fewer additives than diesel fuel.  The difference in operating temperatures leads to an increase in the intensity of soot formation and reduction of the speed of its burning out.  The products of incomplete burning of motor oil and ash clog the nozzles and accumulate on the surface of the turbocharger components, in the catalyst and in the particulate filter.

Furthermore, an excessive amount of oil added to diesel fuel will inevitably lead to unreasonably high cetane number, which is fraught with the drop in engine power, increase in fuel consumption and smoke emission.

But there is also the opposite point of view, which allows adding engine oil into diesel fuel.  But here, there are several alternatives.  Some experts admit the addition of oil into fuels for older engines with pintle-type nozzles, while such practices are not considered acceptable for diesel engines with multi-hole spray nozzles.  Some experts justify adding of oil only in the cold season, especially in the case of its previous dilution with gasoline, kerosene, etc.

Production of Antifreeze

Articles

Mankind has been using cars for more than 100 years.  During this time, both cars and various car care means have gone through constant improvement.

The means for ensuring the cleanliness of glass are no exception.

Good visibility is essential to road safety.  In the warm time of the year, you can use plain water to clean your windshield, but at sub-zero temperatures this method is unsuitable. In such a case the so-called antifreeze comes to assistance.  This is the substance ensuring the cleanliness of car windows, which retains its original physical state even in extreme cold.  Antifreeze production business seems quite promising, since the product will continue to be used as long as cars are around.  Let us consider the technology of windshield washer liquid production.  It is not extremely difficult and almost everyone who has some start-up capital can arrange the production of antifreeze.  It is not necessary to have any special chemical education.  Windshield washer fluid is obtained by means of chemical reactions with isopropyl alcohol.  The output is pure alcohol solutions.  At the next stage they are mixed in specified proportions with purified water, flavoring agents and other additives.  Finally the fluid is created which is capable of being liquid even at -30°C.  The most important step in obtaining antifreeze is mixing.  When working with industrial quantities of raw materials, it is suitable to use USB-type plants produced by GlobeCore.  This equipment provides mixing of multiple constituents in flux.  By applying the principles of cavitation and hydrodynamic impact the obtaining of stable freezing liquids is achieved.  These liquids do not break down into individual components for a long time (at least 180 days).

After registration of all permits you can proceed with selection of a production workshop.  It should be taken into consideration that the equipment for antifreeze production covers an area of about 10 m².  But in practice, you will need premises with a total area of 350-500 m².  You will also need to store the finished product and to provide living conditions for your workers.  This workshop should allow for the potential enlargement of production facilities in the future which will help you avoid extra expenses for extension.

Now, another important question arises: where to find markets for the final product?  Most often antifreeze can be purchased today in automotive markets, as well as in automobile chemistry and spare parts stores, at maintenance stations, etc.  These are the objects for close cooperation.  You should secure your future intentions with the relevant treaties.  Such an approach would let you avoid the accumulation of your finished product and make the process of return of the invested funds as fast as possible.

You’ve probably noticed that antifreeze circulates mainly in the cold season.  And what is there to do in the summer?  How to avoid the idle time of your production equipment so it could bring you maximum benefit?  The answer is simple: the existing equipment can be used for obtaining another “seasonal” product – headlamp and windshield washer.  It is also made of purified water and a small amount of alcohol.  Thus, your business will run throughout the year.

How to Extend Service Life of a Diesel Engine?

Diesel blending

The history of a diesel engine dates back to the previous century, when Rudolf Diesel proposed a fundamentally new design that converts fuel combustion energy into mechanical energy.  After many years, diesel engine has not lost its relevance and began to enjoy increasing popularity.  The reasons are obvious: the fuel for a diesel engine is relatively cheap and it is more environmentally friendly.

Moreover, modern diesel engines for passenger vehicles are highly competitive against gasoline engines.  Perhaps, a diesel engine is the only good option for large equipment.

Performance characteristics of a diesel engine are largely dependent on the quality of fuel used.  But it does not always have the necessary cetane number, sulfur content, etc.  The totality of these factors results in lower capacity, deterioration of environmental friendliness and economical efficiency, as well as reduction of serivce life.  Let’s consider possible solutions to these issues.

Increasing the Cetane Number

Today there are special additives produced to improve various consumer characteristics of diesel fuel.  Cetane number is no exception; it can be improved by adding specific substances to fuel.

Some additives can increase the cetane number by 5 units.  In addition, they improve fuel combustion properties and increase engine efficiency.  Typically, the concentration of cetane-enhancing additives is not more than 0.2-0.5%.  When making a choice in favor of such a solution, it should be understood that the cost of one liter of such fuel will slightly increase.

In recent years, an increasing number of smoke suppressant additives have been introduced to the market.  They have been seriously improved by the use of catalytic reagents.  Such additives are used to improve the combustion of diesel fuel, reduce exhaust smoke and carbon buildup.  Their concentration in fuel generally does not exceed 0.2%.  Due to this, diesel fuel is not that cheap any more, but not much more expensive either.

Removal of deposits

In order to clean an engine’s fuel system, a special method is used worldwide.  In essence, this is how it works.  An engine is running on special solvent instead of fuel for some time (usually no longer than an hour).  It cleans fuel pump and fuel lines from deposit builup and restores normal operation of nozzles.  This effect is achieved due to the fact that solvent contains surfactants which are capable of catalyzing the oxidation of hydrocarbon compounds at high temperatures, when the engine is running under load.  Interestingly, the washout is carried out immediately after treatment with solvent.  The builup residue burns away during the next 16-20 hours.  Automobile industry experts suggest that the use of this technology during every scheduled maintenance will increase service life of diesel engines.

Removing water

Beside the presence of buildup and low cetane number, the quality of diesel fuel is also reduced by water. Water in the fuel adversely affects fuel equipment.  The greatest harm is caused to the high-precision plunger pairs of fuel pumps and injectors, which are subject to corrosion.

There are several ways for water to get inside diesel fuel.  Most often it can condense out of the air into fuel tanks of vehicles.  Sometimes refueling at unreliable gas stations is to blame.

In this case, there are also special additives that can remove water from fuel tanks and protect fuel equipment against corrosion.  The concentration of these additives does not exceed 0.5%, and they are usually used every 5-10 thousand kilometers.

Protecting fuel from sulfur

Sulphur is a very interesting component of diesel fuel.  On the one hand it contributes to the appearance of acidic compounds under certain engine operating conditions, and on the other hand it improves lubricating properties of diesel fuel. Therefore it is very important to refuel with petroleum product containing the optimum amount of sulfur, which will minimize its harmful impact and maximize the benefits.

Fighting deterioration of diesel fuel quality as a result of long-term storage

Very often, in order to insure themselves against seasonal price variations, owners of large vehicle fleets buy diesel fuel in bulk.  As a result of long-term storage, fuel can oxidize, darken and become contaminated with mechanical impurities.  In such case, it cannot be used.  Therefore, to restore normal performance, special equipment should be used – UVR type plants by GlobeCore.

They allow to remove hydrogen sulfide and unsaturated hydrocarbons from oxidized diesel fuel after long-term storage and reduce sulfur concentration and wax content. After processing with UVR plants, diesel fuel is clarified and does not re-oxidize or darken.

Production of Diesel Fuel

Diesel blending

Diesel fuel is produced in refineries using special technological processes: primary and secondary processing of oil, as well as compounding (blending).

Primary processing is required to separate oil into individual fractions that have different boiling points.

Technically, this process is performed in special distillation columns.  One of the results of primary distillation are diesel fractions that are then used in diesel fuel production.

Secondary distillation is necessary to change the structure of hydrocarbons and chemical composition of oil.  Cracking is the main method which is the basis of secondary distillation. It allows to split large molecules into smaller molecules.  There is thermal cracking, catalytic cracking and hydrocracking.

In thermal cracking, molecule breakdown occurs under the influence of high temperature without the use of catalysts. Implementation of catalytic cracking requires catalysts, hydrocracking requires catalysts and hydrogen.

The resulting oil contains a lot of sulfur, which is removed by hydrotreatment.

Comparison of primary and secondary processing shows that secondary processing is characterized by a more complex and lengthy process, as well as higher cost.  But it is impossible to give up these processes, as they not only increase the yield of commercial fuel, but also significantly improve its quality.

The next stage of diesel fuel production is compounding. It is the mixing of the products obtained in the previous stages with additives.  Compounding is the final step in the production of diesel fuel, and it forms the quality of the final product which goes to the consumer.  GlobeCore USB-type plants are used for compounding.

When using ordinary methods of blending, fuel tends to break down into separate component.

The feature of the proposed equipment is that the use of injection method and hydrodynamic shock can increase cetane number of diesel fuel.  Also, separation of the product does not occur for at least 180 days.

Modern hydrodynamic (inline) mixing plants have proven themselves in industrial use as cost-effective, accurate and sustainable means of production of high-quality diesel fuel with optimum cost.

The achievable cost savings and improvement of profitability, compared to conventional technology of components mixing in blender tanks, can accelerate the return on investment up to 60% per year and provide a return on a project for a period of one year or less.

Hydrodynamic mixer uses the mixing process which allows to simultaneously feed all the components in a predetermined ratio to a common mixing header, which supplies the finished product to a storage tank.

The advantages of this technology include precise control of each component dispensing, significant reduction in mixing cycle duration and avoiding the use of mixing tanks to ensure homogenization of the final product.

During the mixing process in an inline mixer, the flow rate of each component is continuously adjusted to ensure that the final product that comes out of a mixing header has stable quality indicators according to a predetermined formulation.

Additives for Engine Oils

Additive blending

One of the major tasks of motor oil is to neutralize acidic products formed in an engine cylinder.  That is why it must have sufficient alkalinity, which ranges from 2-3 mg KOH/g for the oils used in gasoline engines, and up to 70-100 mg KOH/g for cylinder oils.

Engine operation involves a change in quality characteristics of motor oils due to oxidation processes.  Special antioxidant additives are used to prevent these processes.  They contribute to the preservation of detergency and dispersing property of motor oils for a long time, thus keeping the engine clean.

Corrosion is also quite a dangerous threat for motors.  For its prevention, anticorrosion additives, which are not subject to water washout, are added to engine oils.  They form special protective films that protect metal surfaces from corrosion.

Beside good viscosity, oil must also feature good lubricating properties that prevent various defects on parts surfaces and reduce their wear.

Different surfactants are often used as anti-wear additives.  Under certain conditions they can come into contact with metal and form protective film on its surface.  These films reduce the intensity of engine wear under unfavorable conditions (increased friction), and prevent occurrence of protruding burrs and adhesion under heavy loads.